The 9/11 Operation: A Summary
The 9/11 operation consisted of the following
activities:
Military exercises by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) with
22 imaginarily hijacked planes on
The operation involved the “hijackings” of four civilian aircraft, then
substituting them with remote-controlled USAF aircraft or “drones”. It is
certain that an operation this complex and sophisticated (even in the
preparations of the demolition charges at the WTC) is not left to be handled by
Arab lackeys armed only with carpeting knives. Plissken-Valentine,
FTS by SPC or
The booking of seats on certain pre-ordained flights was artificially kept low;
those coast-to-coast flights were booked by 20% instead of the usual 75% in
order to minimize deaths, which could cause problems if “highly connected”
individuals were wantonly sacrificed. If the flights
were real, the passengers on them had to die (or at least disappear). Two of
the flights were probably nothing but fictitious, real only on radar screens,
which minimized the amount of passengers to be murdered.
There was indeed placing of well executed put options with airline stocks and
with specific re-assurance companies (American Airlines, United Airlines,
Allianz, Munchener Re, Schweizer
Re, AXA, et.al…). Furthermore, the assurance values
of the WTC were doubled in July 2001, at the same time the MOSSAD’s
offices at the WTC were vacated. Bush’s
Carlyle Group members were beneficiaries of these options – a very vital set of
“smoking gun clues” that were completely ignored or conveniently forgotten by
official “investigators” in the days, weeks, and months following the joint
CIA/Mossad operation.
The camouflaging of six remote-controlled aircraft in order
to make them look like Boeing 767's or 757's. The four planes probably
were 2x USAF 767 tankers, a Global Hawk used to hit
the Pentagon and a “real” 757 shot out of the air in
False tracks leading to “terrorists” using young Moslem-looking persons on CIA
payroll, who take aviation classes in
Demolition preparations of the wing of the Pentagon that was
under reparation. This was designed to collapse a horseshoe-shaped area
of the building, which would seem to be caused by the crash of a Boeing 757
instead of the Global Hawk attack. This partly failed. There is photographic
evidence of a small plane before the actual collapse of the wing of the
Pentagon. The structures did not collapse until firefighters sprayed lots of
water on the ceiling of the building.
Sophisticated demolition charge preparations of the WTC towers and WTC 7 to
make them collapse completely and look to the untrained, gullible eye as if the
buildings collapsed solely from the effects of gravity and burning fuel. Also
the positioning of an electronic homing device in the towers and in the Pentagon
in order to ensure the accurate hits of the remote-controlled aircraft was
needed. Extra napalm was supplied for dramatizing the effects of hits of
airliners. The WTC buildings would have been demolished in the exact same way
completely with or without the airplanes hitting.
Ordering, preparing and transportation of the charges for the demolition of the
WTC had to be done, no small feat to say the least. Solely for the steel
pillars of the outer circle 40 x 240 charges were needed, let's say 10,000 thermite cutting charges each weighing 50 lbs for each
tower. For WTC 7 at least 4000 charges were needed. Also at least one small
thermonuclear hydrogen bomb for each of these three buildings was prepared. (Did the 9/11 “investigators” check into any
demolition charge purchases over the prior year?)
Identifying critical need targets for the conspiracy in the WTC towers various
offices. For example, there was a lot of evidence being gathered of world-wide
economic crimes by Neocon Zionists. The FBI’s
international division was located in WTC 1 in the floors from 22 to 24. (One
case being investigated was the case against Mobil Oil and James Giffen on illegal oil swaps between Iran and Kazakhstan
brokered by Mobil Oil and Carlyle Group in Texas; also the ongoing evidence in
the investigation of gold price fixing stemming from charges pending to go to
Federal Grand Jury seeking indictments against Alan Greenspan, JP Morgan &
Company, Rothschild & Sons, and Goldman Sachs.) The CIA maintained a large operations office
in WTC 7. It is possible that some targets were attacked because of the unique
opportunity exploitable where the human bodies and all evidence of the crimes
automatically disappeared when a hydrogen bomb exploded. Explosions heard from
the towers before the commencing of the “collapse” may have been related to
these attacks. There is a reason for the huge explosion in the customs
building, as well.
THE DEMOLITION OPERATION OF THE WTC TOWERS
1) Calculate the correct size and the dimensions of suitable cutting charges and
then order 24,000 pieces. Must also order fitting detonators (custom detonators
had to be manufactured). Fitting detonators usually already exist in stores of
military forces (as well as the CIA’s “Covert Labs”). Time of delivery is
several months in any case. All detonators must be equipped with some kind of
safety mechanism, which will be removed by a radio signal at the final moment.
2) After procurement, the cutting charges are installed in selected vacant
rooms and elevator/maintenance shafts. Some of these rooms also served as
temporary storages for charges needed elsewhere. After the charges are set, the
office is renovated and circulated to the clients in the WTC. One man
continuously assembles maybe 5 cutting charges per hour. With 10 assemblers 350
charges are assembled and installed a day. Maybe about 20 people more were needed (5 of
them know what is going on, 15 do not). For the installation of the charges
this operation takes at least four months with 30 men. Considering step 1), six
months are probably needed. The amount of personnel could not have been
increased, but probably decreased, if more time was available.
3) To some of the chosen office complexes, no one had access. That is why on
the weekend on
4) One completes the area of secret service in WTC 7 so that its demolition
operation can be carried out. A military flight beacon is placed there (planes
are homing to it from far away). Remote controls for air planes and radio transmitters
to be capable of blowing up at least one third of the cutting charges are
placed. At this location, the ability to eavesdrop any area of the WTC, for
example by a laser beam, aimed to a selected window, probably already existed.
5) A radio beacon helping the final approach is placed in targeted offices in
the WTC towers. Close to these, remote controlled napalm explosives are placed
as well, in order to draw the interest from the planes to fires. The higher in
the towers the planes are targeted, the less death would result. (Real
terrorists would do exactly the opposite.) Evacuation from lower floors should
be possible through the staircases. The target is to create a new reason for
odd wars and fascistic laws, not to kill as many Americans as possible. “A new
6) The attack plans are made so that they can be executed during the chaos, for
example in the offices of the investigations of the economic crimes by the FBI.
(The attackers had already placed or infiltrated their own men in these
facilities.) Also in WTC 6 (customs) either a small nuke or a very strong bomb
is also detonated (which one, depends on whether there was melted steel ponds in
the cellar of WTC 6.) An explosion, of course, hides the loss of any supplies.
(A nuclear explosion covers up murders, as well.)
7) In the morning of 9/11 the operations are performed after a timetable in
which seconds are important. From the command post facilities the actions in
towers are monitored. To hide the true nature of the operation, there was
probably an agent on call in both towers, who could silence the people finding
out too much. (The agent probably did not know what was going to happen.)
It is highly unlikely that the people who knew about the demolition charges in
the WTC, or those who installed the remote controls of the aircraft or did some
camouflage paintings for drones are still are alive and capable of telling
about their acts, which changed the world.
8) The mini-nukes are transported to the basement floors in elevators. After
that the elevators are locked down, guarded and monitored - no service
repairman will be allowed near these elevators. The thermonuclear device used
in WTC 7 was different, its yield was set lower and it was directed in a way
better suitable for that building.
9) The explosions have been timed so that 99.9% of people around will look at
the top of towers, and perhaps two seconds later the small thermonuclear bomb
is exploded in the cellar of the south tower, and again two seconds later
another very powerful charge in the WTC 6 customs building while nobody is
looking that way. There are also the continuous explosions of the thousands of
cutting charges tearing the south tower down to coincide with the speed of
gravity-driven free fall.
10) The demolition of either of the WTC towers took at least half a year to
prepare, including installation of 10,000 cutting charges and the delivery of a
thermonuclear device at the last moment. The demolition of those ultra strong
steel pillars in the central core using cutting charges only is not possible
without waking up unwanted attention. These charges must be in touch with the
steel pillars, and there is not enough enclosed space in the central core
itself to hide these biggest possible charges.
11) The demolition operation is finished by destroying WTC 7 using a nuke and
completely destroying the op center with its equipment. Concrete evidence like
the military flight beacon and the remote control devices for cutting charges
and napalm as well as the recordings of eavesdropping devices regarding events
within the towers vaporize and vanish without a trace.
SIDE MARKINGS
Most of the media is controlled by people related to the attack and tell
misleading stories only, as if crushing of the airliners or a weak fire could
have caused the “collapse” of the towers. The true attackers are the ones with
strong and vigorous broadcasting around their false version of the events which
is very different to what really happened.
No single “mainstream” newspaper, magazine nor any national TV channel in the
western nations has taken a critical, questioning view on the so-called “official
truth”, i.e. the planes collision and resulting fires caused the WTC towers to
collapse. The destruction of WTC 7, which has no explanation at all (not hit by
jets, or fiery debris), is bypassed totally and completely without any
comments. A huge bomb of some sort, detonated in WTC 6 is also bypassed as a “non-existing
event”.
Some things, like the sharply-drawn pictures of the closest seismographs may
have been falsified. A Specialist in demolitions, V. Romero, may have been
forced to change his original statement. The hoax is completed by Osama Bin
Laden, who as a CIA agent “confesses” to have ordered the airliner strikes. The
Bin Laden hoax and the suicidal Arabs construct a net of lies that fools the
vast majority of mankind.
Laymen have no experience in observing differences in collapses, controlled
demolitions and underground nuclear demolitions. Even the destruction of heavy
steel constructions or typical fire damage are far
away from their field of experience. These towers were built and professionally
engineered to take the impacts of hitting Boeing 707's, comparable to Boeing
767's, taking into account the fires caused by the burning aviation fuel. In
fact, the buildings did in fact survive all of that. They stood firm for nearly an hour, until
they were demolished. (NYFD personnel
are trained on the structural stabilities of the cities’ high rise
buildings. If there was a clear and
present danger of “collapse” it is unlikely the firemen would have been ordered
into the building.)
The knowledge of relevant advances regarding weapon technology is even rarer.
Many of those who are up to date are bound by strict commitment of loyalty and secrecy, that is strictly enforced. In some cases, they get
executed for talking (an “accident” occurs).
The author of this text feels it is his duty to spread his advanced knowledge
in explosives from a military point of view via public discussion as it is
obvious that the public is lacking this information. The events observed around
9/11 cannot be rationally explained any other way.
The photographs attached in this non-profit
distribution are for securing volatile, important evidence on 9/11 for
discussion and education. Author hereby grants full permission to reproduce the
drawing 'The Bombs in the WTC' and his writings. You are encouraged to mail,
publish and mass produce these documents or your enhanced versions of them.
The Album Cover of “Party Music” by the aptly
named punk rock band “The Coup”. Party Music CD Design was printed in July and
was scheduled for release “after Labor Day” during the week of
CD Jacket of the Coup’s “Party Music”– Combined
with the CD Graphics on the cover, and the two planes on the jacket –
considering that this CD was recorded 6 months prior to 9/11/01 - WHAT IS THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF CIA CODEWORDS “TELE TRIESTE” AND “ANGELICA 01”? Was this the “telefon”
coding for the CIA “activation command” for certain “Manchurian Candidates”?
The Bombs in the WTC
(Schematic
Provided by Anonymous “Insider”)
The Ground Zero here is in the original sense of the word, a nuclear blast site. The thermal energy may absorb heat at a rate of 10 E 23 ergs / cm2 sec and near the bomb all surfaces may heat to 4000 °C or 7200 °F igniting or vaporizing violently. Sources: US Department of Defense & US Department of Energy, Glasstone – Dolan: 'The Effects of Nuclear Weapons' (1980).
The thermonuclear bomb used was a “pure” hydrogen bomb; no uranium or plutonium was used at all. The basic nuclear reaction is Deuterium + Tritium > Alpha + n. The ignition of this is the tricky part, either a powerful beam array or antimatter detonator was likely used (a very certain way to get the necessary effect of directed energy in order not to level the adjacent blocks of high-rise buildings as well).
The Development of Bomb Technology Related to the 9/11 Operation
These outlines of developments in military bomb technology have been written to give the layman some idea, why bomb technology has developed into what it is.
A hollow charge: a small charge
designed to make a hole in armor plate was invented in
A Claymore threw steel balls towards
the enemy, but was otherwise harmless even from 5 meters distance, was
developed in the
A flank mine is able to direct a
narrow pressure wave through AFV flanks from a distance of 20 meters and was
developed in
By controlling several layers of the explosion fronts the size of a nuclear bomb has been minimized during the 1960's (fission forcing implosion). After that, the control of explosion force in nuclear explosions was developed. Too strong an explosion is sometimes unusable and undesirable, for example when the enemy have broken the front and advanced too close to friendly cities.
While looking for a bomb with a small size and a strong effect, a 100% pure hydrogen bomb was an obvious solution. When no atomic device is needed for igniting, the size of the hydrogen bomb gets even smaller and the yield (effect) can be set within a wide range, for example between from 1 to 100. This new technology was perfected in the 1980's, as well as the neutron bomb, which kills only living things while it leaves most inert material untouched.
The former
Observations Suggesting the Use of Small Hydrogen Bombs
1) The concrete pulverized into fine dust,
70 - 300 micron particles (this alone would take massively more energy to
produce than merely the total gravitational energy available from the earth’s
gravitational field). 
2) Very energetic dust (radiating heat) after the explosions. (Demolition charges using thermite or other demolition explosives would produce white clouds of dust, which would not move much, and a gravity-driven collapse would produce much less and more coarse dust. Only a thermo-nuke would provide the kinetic energy to produce such “hot-to-the-touch” flour-fine dust particles.)
3) Variable brown shades of color was seen in the air – these “brown clouds” are typically produced by nuclear reactions of a thermonuclear device. The reactions use gamma radiation caused by free neutrons, N2, O2, H2O > nitrid acid, NO2, NO3 which in turn provide brown colored clouds after detonation. These clouds soon get their usual white color after some minutes as the heat and fast movement of the clouds cease.
Note: many of the pictures taken regarding the
4) Superheated steel objects, disintegrating
into steel vapor. Molten ponds of steel were found in the elevator shafts.
There were lots of burned cars in the parking areas of the towers. The fire
department did not announce until 
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Thermal Survey of the WTC
Red-hot,
semi-molten metal pulled from the base of WTC building 7 in late October, 6
full weeks after it collapsed, (no plane collided with it, and it was still
standing unscathed hours after the twin towers had already collapsed).
WTC 7 on afternoon of
sky-scraper in the back-ground, right. Seen from WTC 1 area. The “Shock and Awe” of the Nation over the towers’ collapse likely precluded rational questioning about WTC 7.
5) Elevated values of tritium were recorded
in locations A-H, but not found anywhere else in
6) An Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP-type)
phenomenon blacked out GSM phones, cell phones, fax machines and rescue
personnel’s radios at the exact moment when the first (southern) tower started
to “fall down”, i.e. at the exact moment when a small thermonuclear bomb was
detonated. This is why rescuing
firefighters were not warned to evacuate –their radios had mysteriously quit
working. A strangely eerie afterglow was seen in the late phase of the
“collapse” of both of the towers. 
7) A wave of pressure was witnessed in the root or lower basement of the tower at the moment when the so-called collapse was beginning. The blast wave knocked over a photographer and a fireman close to the entrance, who was taking photos of the dust cloud. The burst of the dust cloud at the root of the tower was photographed as well. In the image on the left below is what probably was the explosion of WTC 6. The Customs building was deliberately exploded for some reason - it was not damaged because of the falling girders as they had not yet reached the roof of WTC 7 when the photo was taken. A couple of seconds later the clouds of the explosion were already partly above the roof of WTC 7, again, this was much too high-powered to be caused by typical blasting agents, including thermite – not to mention gravitational energy. This suggests it was the second hydrogen bomb in the WTC block. The first hydrogen bomb is discharging upwards (pulverized concrete) exactly as shown in the picture, and the steel structures vaporized by the bomb are already blowing out 100 meters (approx. 328 ft.) farther down. The massive cloud, caused by vaporized steel rising from the root and core of the building, is seen in the center of the picture and even more clearly in the picture at the right.
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8) In the basement level, out of all the 47 ultra strong steel pillars, the steel was melted completely at the length of more than 20 meters (approx. 65 ft). Even cars were melted and burned in the basement level at “ground zero”. The pillars were far too thick for such massive pulverization via thermite, which some have suggested. An explosion of a thermonuclear bomb, on the other hand, explains the phenomenon well. (How is it even remotely possible for rational people to accept the “official story” that burning jet fuel in the upper portion of the tower melted steel columns and even cars in the basement level?)
9) Steel columns and pillars were ejected from the outer layers of the building. In the beginning of the so-called collapse, no such natural, gravitational-based energy exists that could throw steel pillars outwards from 60 to 175 meters (approx. from 170 to 574 ft.) away from the trunk of the building. Not even the most powerful cutting charges can do that. However, once again, a blast wave from a small hydrogen bomb is very capable of doing just that.
How the Towers of the World Trade Center
The airplanes did not affect the destruction
of towers; they were needed instead to give the ruling neocons
an excuse for instigating their odd Orwellian wars, while at the same time
turning the
Fires that burned from the fuel in the
planes were too short-lasting and weak to be able to severely damage the
structural integrity of the skyscrapers. Even in the most extreme situation,
the heat from a kerosene fire cannot threaten the durability of a steel
trunk. The temperature of carbon-based
fires reach only 825 °C (approx. 1517 °F) in “ideal” enclosed furnace
conditions, steel weakens at 800 °C (approx. 1470 °F) but does not actually
become molten until a temperature of 1585 °C (approx. 2890 °F) is reached. In
the skyscrapers of the WTC the environment simply was not at all “ideal” as
there were far too many steel columns which were purposefully engineered to
channel heat away from the burning area. WTC 1 burned for 102 minutes and WTC 2
for 56 minutes only. A fire burning much longer, from
For example, in mid-February in Madrid, Spain, the Windsor Tower (see above) burned for over 20 hours, which created a fire many times hotter and more destructive to metal than that in the WTC, but even the damage to the Windsor Tower caused by the very strong and long-enduring fire were comparatively minimal and limited to the upper floors – and of course, it did not melt the hotel’s steel girders. Like the Windsor Towers, if either of the WTC towers had started to collapse because of fires the collapse would have been limited to only a few of the floors and then stopped as the fire became contained.
The complete and total impossibility of a “gravitational collapse” is closer seen in other documents. A gravitational collapse would produce large pieces of rubble, and a non-symmetrical toppling of the structure. Furthermore, “gravitational collapse” simply does not explain the pulverization of fine dust from concrete, the vast amounts of micron-fine “powdered” dust that was hot to the touch, and pieces of steel ejected outwards over 500 feet.
Destruction of the towers by explosions is furthermore clear according to the photographs and reports of the eye witnesses. In the picture below, a range of cutting charges have just exploded in the down left sector and a typical white cloud is formed outwards from the wall. Down right, explosions are seen as well. Even a detonation flame is seen, many stories below the point of impact.
In video tapes taken of the planned demolition of the WTC, more explosions of these cutting charges can clearly be seen. The explosions advance quickly, with a gap of a couple of floors, cutting the strong steel pillars in the outer wall. The explosions are skillfully timed so that it appears that the tower collapses occur in the same timing as in a gravitational collapse. The explosions are not completely synchronized in timing, probably a few charges are triggered by radio, and other charges explode out of the impulses of one of these charges (infrared, pressure wave).
More challenging problems to the demolition men, however, were the reinforced steel central cores of the buildings and the 47 steel pillars more robust even than the ones on the outer rounds. The pillars of the central cores were made of steel 100 + 100 mm thick, much thicker than the side armors of a battle tank. Cutting those, even with explosives, is extremely difficult. One would need to surround the whole pillars, every single pillar on every floor blasted with powerful cutting charges. These charges would have needed to be placed in such a way that the inhabitants of the skyscrapers could not notice these preparations.
As seen in the following pictures, the cores of the towers were not destroyed by thousands of powerful cutting charges of thermite as were the surrounding beams, but rather by a modern thermonuclear explosive, a small hydrogen bomb. In the picture below, a hydrogen bomb explosion, the bomb having been placed in the lowest basement level and directed to the core, shows the resulting energy wave has reached the roof of the tower and the upper parts of the outer walls. On its way up, the waves of intense hydro-fire pressure partially penetrated about 100 floors of concrete and steel. Over ten million degrees of heat created by such a hydrogen bomb sublimated all water within the concrete in seconds. The water (or more specifically the Hydrogen content in the concrete) exploded extremely quickly into 24-fold volume which then totally pulverized the concrete and steel into a fine, white, and “hot” flour-like powder. All people, all office equipment and computers that were in the buildings immediately vaporized, turning instantly into heat and light. That is why almost no human remains of the nearly 3,000 victims and/or any recognizable office equipment residue was found in the ruins – yet thousands of offices were supposedly only “collapsed” from gravity. Where are the human remains of the victims??
Also, thermonuclear radiation via hydrogen is absorbed in steel so quickly that steel heats up immediately well over its melting point 1585 °C (approx. 2890 °F) and also above its boiling point around 3000 C (approx. 5430 °F). In the pictures shown below, super hot groups of steel pillars and columns, torn from their walls by the nuclear pressure wave, are instantly sublimated. They immediately turn into a vaporized form, binding heat is then released as quickly as possible. Upwardly blooming blast clouds (a mini mushroom), are clearly visible in the picture below. Clearly, this can not be possible for a mere gravitational collapse or even for cutting charges which are used for energy release horizontally.
Here you see the brown “energy cloud” of the explosion extending well over 63 meters in either direction of the 63 meter wide tower. This incredibly potent energy wave could not have been produced by a mere gravitational “collapse”.
Storax Sedan 104 Kt shallow underground hydrogen bomb
(100 times larger than the WTC nuke but yet showing the same energy release
characteristics).
In the upper picture the explosion is in theory 100 times stronger than in the picture below, but in practice the difference is only four times due to the “capability of direction” of the small hydrogen bomb along a prescribed “corridor” such as the base columns of the WTC Towers.
In the picture at the right, the brown shades caused by a hydrogen bomb are seen, while the top of the tower that is already collapsing is breaking down and the posture straightens up as the hydrogen bomb pulverized the core as it has lost all its resistance. The piles point the blasts of the cutting charges.
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Steel pillars are turned into dust. Extremely hot, sublimating pieces are not created by too many demolition methods. |
For comparison, pictures of subterranean nuclear explosions where the explosion is blasting onto surface and into the air:
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Ess1.2 Kt |
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WTC 2 |
Banberry 10 Kt underground |
Radioactivity released in the air creates
shades of brown as the Electro-Magnetic Pulse knocks out all electrical devices
within a specific, defined radius of the blast. (The subterranean nuke in the
picture on the right is 10 times stronger than the small nuke on the left.)
This is the primary reason why the FBI did not search the crime scene, and why
the area was immediately cordoned off from the general public. Ground zeros of
nuclear weapons are a public health risk and belong exclusively to the
“experts” of FEMA.
Furthermore, normal fiery jet fuel conflagrations and planned demolitions do not remain extremely “hot” 5 to 10 days after the fires have been extinguished. However, hydrogen bomb sites remain thermally reactive and “hot” for days and even weeks. This is clearly demonstrated by the USGS calibrations of the WTC areas.
Images of the World Trade Center
Results of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
(AVIRIS) remote sensing data and interpretations show the distribution and
intensity of thermal hot spots in the area in and around the
The AVIRIS instrument is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) remote sensing instrument that measures upwelling spectral radiance in the visible through short-wavelength infrared. The instrument has 224 spectral channels (bands) with wavelengths from 0.37 to 2.5 microns (micrometers).
In response to requests from the EPA through the USGS, NASA
flew AVIRIS on a De Havilland Twin Otter over lower
AVIRIS records the near-infrared signature of heat
remotely. The accompanying maps are false color images that show the core
affected area around the
Thermal Figure 1.
Hot spots show as orange and yellow areas. Dozens of hot spots are seen on
September 16, but most had cooled or the fires had been put out by September
23.
The images (larger area shown below) also show vegetated areas as green. Water appears blue, and the smoke from the fires appears as a light blue haze. White and lighter blue areas are rooftops, roads, and concrete as well as dust and debris from the collapsed buildings. Dust, probably more than a millimeter thick, appears in shades of brown around the core WTC area on the 16th.
On the
There are other red/orange spots that show in the images in
the area south of the
The AVIRIS data were processed at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL) in
Thermal Figure 2.
AVIRIS image from
Thermal Figure 3. AVIRIS image from
Thermal
Figure 4. Index for the locations of some of
the hot spots observed on
Temperature of the Hot Spots
Remote measurement of the temperature is difficult because the source of the thermal emission can be less than the field of view of the measuring instrument. In that case a thermal sensor has an ambiguous solution: a hotter temperature of a smaller area or lower temperature of a larger area can result in the same total received thermal radiation.
A spectrometer, however, overcomes the ambiguity problem
above, because the shape of the thermal spectrum can be used to derive a unique
temperature, and the intensity gives the area of the emitting source. If a
large enough spectral range is covered, a range of temperatures and the area of
each can be derived. In the near infrared spectral range of AVIRIS, reflected
solar radiation also contributes to the signal. The solution to the generalized
problem involving all these effects is given in
We derived temperatures using two methods: calibrated
radiance, and derived reflectance following
Simple temperature derivation from derived reflectance is illustrated in Thermal Figure 5a and b. Here the hot spot is assumed to fill the pixel. The thermal response of hot spot A (from Thermal Figure 4) shows the AVIRIS response higher than the 800 kelvin curve. The 800 Kelvin temperature is a lower limit to the temperature. While the upper limit might be the 900 Kelvin curve, we see the slopes do not match. As temperatures increase, the peak in Black Body emission moves to shorter wavelengths and the slope of the curve decreases at positions on the short wavelength side of the peak (the case here).
Hot spot C (Thermal Figure 5b) shows similar effects. For hot spots covering the full area of the pixel, the temperature must be greater than 700 Kelvin. At about 1.3 microns, the model at 800 Kelvin matches the AVIRIS data, but the 800 Kelvin curve has a higher slope. This indicates the hot spot is smaller than the size of the pixel, but hotter than 800 Kelvin.
Solutions that include reflected solar radiation, hot spot temperature and hot spot area are shown in Thermal Figures 6a and b. Hot spot A, which from Thermal Figure 5 has a temperature greater than 800 Kelvin, is found to have a 1000 Kelvin temperature in a spot covering ~15% of a pixel, or 0.56 square meter. Similarly, hot spot C is found to have a 900 kelvin temperature over 20% of a pixel, or 0.8 square meter.
The sensitivity of the solution of area and temperature is illustrated in Thermal Figure 7. An excellent fit is obtained for hot spot C with a 900 Kelvin spot filling 20% of the pixel. At 1000 Kelvin, only 8% is required but the fit is noticeably worse. For temperatures in the 800-1000 Kelvin range, temperature accuracy is estimated to be ± 30 Kelvin and the area ± 5%. For smaller spots, like spot G in Table 1, the temperature accuracy is similar, but the accuracy on such small areas is approximately +5%, -0.5%. For example, decreasing the temperature to 1000 Kelvin (from 1020 Kelvin) on spot G increases the fractional area to about 5%.
Positions, temperatures and equivalent areas for hot spots A-H are given in Table 1 and the geometrically rectified location map is shown in Thermal Figure 8.
Thermal
Figure 5a.
Thermal Figure 5b
Thermal Figure 6a
Thermal Figure 6b
Thermal
Figure 7.
Table 1
Thermal Hot Spot Data
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Location |
Temperature |
Area |
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Hot Spot |
N Latitude |
W Longitude |
(Kelvin) |
% FOV |
sq meter |
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A |
40o 42'
47.18" |
74o 00'
41.43" |
1000 |
15 |
0.56 |
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B |
40o 42'
47.14" |
74o 00'
43.53" |
830 |
2 |
0.08 |
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C |
40o 42'
42.89" |
74o 00'
48.88" |
900 |
20 |
0.8 |
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D |
40o 42'
41.99" |
74o 00'
46.94" |
790 |
20 |
0.8 |
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E |
40o 42'
40.58" |
74o 00'
50.15" |
710 |
10 |
0.4 |
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F |
40o 42'
38.74" |
74o 00'
46.70" |
700 |
10 |
0.4 |
|
G |
40o 42'
39.94" |
74o 00'
45.37" |
1020 |
1 |
0.04 |
|
H |
40o 42'
38.60" |
74o 00'
43.51" |
820 |
2 |
0.08 |
Positions are in
degrees-minutes-decimal seconds, datum WGS84.
Position accuracy is estimated to be approximately +/- 6 meters (18 feet).
Thermal Figure 8. Geometrically
rectified image of the WTC core region showing hot spot locations.